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Showing posts with label others. Show all posts

Saturday, 22 June 2013

CLOUD COMPUTING: BASIC CONCEPTS


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Cloud Computing – The technology of distributed data processing in which some scalable information resources and capacities are provided as a service to multiple external customers through Internet technology.

Cloud computing concept includes all of the following concepts:

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) – A computer infrastructure, typically presented in the form of virtualization. Is a service within the concept of cloud computing.

PaaS (Platform as a Service) – An integrated platform for the development, deployment, testing and support of web-applications. Presented as a service on the basis of the concept of “cloud hosting“. 

SaaS (Software as a service) – Is the business model of software license, which involves the development and support of the software vendor. Customers also have the opportunity of paid use of it, usually through the Internet.

DaaS (Desktop as a Service) – Another business model license the software, which is a slightly improved model of SaaS, mostly involving the use of multiple services at the same time necessary to complete the work. Was first introduced in the early 2000s.

In addition to the above within the concept of cloud computing there are also common notion Data as a service and Everything as a service respectively. Both concepts show that, through the World Wide Web using Cloud Computing, can meet any requirements in the processing of information. This is the main advantage of cloud computing in the IT-based business solutions.

Monday, 13 May 2013

GSM: Network Architecture

The GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements.
 
The GSM network can be divided into four main parts:
  • The Mobile Station (MS).
  • The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
  • The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
  • The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).
The architecture of the GSM network is presented in figure 1.










Mobile Station:
A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:
  • The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): It is protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains amongst others a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). User mobility is provided through maping the subscriber to the SIM card rather than the terminal as we done in past cellular systems.
  • Mobile equipment/terminal (ME): There are different types of terminals (MN) distinguished principally by their power and application:
    • `fixed' terminals mainly installed in cars. Their maximum allowed output power is 20W
    • portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles. Their maximum allowed output power is 8W.
    • handheld terminals; their popularity is owed to their weight and volume, which is continuously decreasing. According to some specification these terminals may emit up to 0.8W. However, as technology has evolved their maximum allowed power ouput is limited to 0.1W.
    •  
Base Station Subsystem: The BSS provides the interface between the ME and the NSS. It is in charge of the transmission and reception. It may be divided into two parts:
  • Base Station Controller (BSC): It controls a group of BTSs and manages their radio ressources. A BSC is principally in charge of handoffs, frequency hopping, exchange functions and power control over each managed BTSs.
  • Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station: it maps to transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. It is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1-16 transceivers depending on the density of users in the cell.
NSS: Its main role is to manage the communications between the mobile users and other users, such as mobile users, ISDN users, fixed telephony users, etc. It also includes data bases needed in order to store information about the subscribers and to manage their mobility. The different components of the NSS are described below.
  • MSC: the central component of the NSS. The MSC performs the switching functions of the network. It also provides connection to other networks.
  • GMSC: A gateway that interconnects two networks: the cellular network and the PSTN. It is in charge of routing calls from the fixed network towards a GSM user. The GMSC is often implemented in the same machines as the MSC.
  • HLR: The HLR stores information of the suscribers belonging to the coverage area of a MSC; it also stores the current location of these subscribers and the services to which they have access. The location of the subscriber maps to the SS7 address of the Visitor Location Register (VLR) associated to the MN.
  • VLR: contains information from a subscriber's HLR necessary to provide the subscribed services to visiting users. When a subscriber enters the covering area of a new MSC, the VLR associated to this MSC will request information about the new subscriber to its corresponding HLR. The VLR will then have enough data to assure the subscribed services without needing to ask the HLR each time a communication is established. The VLR is always implemented together with a MSC; thus, the area under control of the MSC is also the area under control of the VLR.
  • Authentication Center (AuC): It serves security purposes; it provides the parameters needed for authentication and encryption functions. These parameters allow verification of the subscriber's identity.
  • Equipment Identity Register (EIR): EIR stores security-sensitive information about the mobile equipments. It maintains a list of all valid terminals as identified by their International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The EIR allows then to forbid calls from stolen or unauthorized terminals (e.g, a terminal which does not respect the specifications concerning the output RF power).
  • GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU): The GIWU provides an  interface to various networks for data communications. During these communications, the transmission of speech and data can be alternated.
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS): It is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS increases with the scaling of the subscriber population some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, allowing savings in  the cost of ownership of the system.
 
 
Geographical areas
A cell, as identified by its Cell Global Identity (CGI) number, maps to the radio coverage of a BTS. Similarly an LA as identified by its Location Area Identity (LAI) number , is a cluster of cells served by a single MSC/VLR. A group of LA under the control of the same MSC/VLR defines the MSC/VLR area. A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is the area served by one network operator.
 
 
Network operations
In this paragraph, the description of the GSM network is focused on the differents functions to fulfil by the network and not on its physical components. In GSM, five main functions can be defined:
  • Transmission: of data and signaling. Not all the components of the GSM network are strongly related with both types of types of Tx. While the MSC, BTS and BSC, among others, are involved with data and signaling, components such as  HLR, VLR or EIR registers, are only concerned with signaling.
  • Radio Resources Management (RRM).
  • Mobility Management (MM).
  • Communication Management (CM).
  • Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM).

 Radio Resources Management (RRM)
The role of the RR function is to establish, maintain and release communication links between mobile stations and the MSC. The elements that are mainly concerned with the RR function are the MN and the BTS. However, since the RR component performs connection management also during cell handoffs,  it also affects the MSC  which is the handoff management component.
The RR is also responsible for the management of frequency resources as well as varying radio interface conditions. Main component operations are:
  • Channel assignment, change and release.
  • Handoff
  • Frequency hopping.
  • Power-level control.
  • Discontinuous transmission and reception.
  • Timing advance.

 Handoff
The user movements may result a change in the channel/cell, when the quality of the communication is degrading; this is known as handoff. Handoffs occur between:
  • between channels within a cell
  • between cells controlled by the same BSC
  • between cells under the same MSC but controlled by different BSCs
  • between cells controlled by different MSCs.
Handoffs are mainly controlled by the MSC. However to avoid unnecessary signalling, the first two types of handoffs are managed by the respective BSC (thus, the MSC is only notified of the handoff). To perform the handoff the mobile station controls continuously its own signal strengh and the signal strengh of the neighboring cells. The list of cells that must be monitored by the mobile station is given by the base station. Power measurements allow to decide which is the best cell in order to maintain the quality of the communication link. Two basic algorithms are used for handoffs:
  • The `minimum acceptable performance' algorithm. When the quality of the transmission degrades, the power level of the mobile is increased, until the increase of the power level has no effect on the quality of the signal. Upon this link layer hint, a handoff is initiated.

    • The `power budget' algorithm. Here the handoff pre-empts the power increase, to obtain a good SIR.
Mobility Management (MM) The MM component handles:
  • Location Management: Location is managed through periodicaly or on-demand. At power-on time, the MH signals an IMSI attach. On-demand location updates are signalled when the MN moves to a different PLMN or new location area (LA). The signal is sent to the new MSC/VLR, which forwards it to the subscriber's HLR. Upon authorization in the new MSC/VLR, the subscriber's HLR removes the registration entry of the MN at the old MSC/VLR. If after the update time interval, the MN has not registered, it is then deregistered. On power-off, the MN performs an IMSI detach.
  • security and authentication:  Authentication involves the SIM card and the Authentication Center. A secret key, stored in the SIM card and the AuC together with a ciphering algorithm called A3, are used to authenticate the user. The MN and the AuCcompute a SRES through A3 using the secret key and a nonce generated by the AuC. If the two computed SRES are the same, the subscriber is authenticated. The different services to which the subscriber has access are also checked. Next the a security check is performed in the equipment identity (IMEI). If the IMEI number of the mobile is authorized in the EIR, the mobile station is allowed to connect the network. To assure user confidentiality, the user is registered with a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) after its first location update procedure. Enciphering is another option to guarantee a very strong security.

Communication Management (CM):
The CM component manages:
  • Call control (CC): it controls call setup, management and tear-down in relation to management of type of service. Call routing is the primary task for this component. To reach a mobile subscriber, a user dials the Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number which includes:
    • a country code
    • a national destination code; this identifies the subscriber's operator
    • a code mapping to the subscriber's HLR.
    • The call is then passsed to the GMSC (if the call is originated from a fixed network) that 'knows' the HLR corresponding to the particular MSISDN number. The GMSC signals the HLR for call routing information. The HLR requests this information from the subscriber's current VLR. This VLR allocates temporarily a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the call. The MSRN number is the information returned by the HLR to the GMSC. It is latter that routes the call through the MSRN number, to the subscriber's current MSC/VLR. In the subscriber's current LA, the mobile is paged.
  • Supplementary Services management: This involves the MN and the HLR.

    • SMS management: Here the GSM network contacts the Short Message Service Center through the two following interfaces:
    • SMS-GMSC for Mobile Terminating Short Messages (SMS-MT/PP). It has the same role as the GMSC.
    • SMS-IWMSC for Mobile Originating Short Messages (SMS-MO/PP).

Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM):
The OAM component allows the operator to monitor and control the system as well as modify the configuration of the elements of the system. Not only the OSS is part of the OAM, but also the BSS and NSS participate in functions such as:
  • provide the operator with all the information it needs. This information is forwarded to the OSS to control the network.
  • perform self-test tasks in addition to the OAM functions.
  • control of multiple BTSs by the BSS.

Saturday, 30 June 2012

TOP 7 WAYS TO AVOID CYBER ATTACKS




Viruses and identity theft are not new issues, but recently, individuals and companies are at a much greater risk as a result of the unanticipated increase in internet and technology use. Follow these tips to protect yourself from such an attack so that you won’t be the next victim.

Foe example, you receive an email promising a great joke if you open the attachment. You're not sure who sent it but you feel like a laugh and open it anyway. Big mistake.
Attackers can break into your computer by sending you an email attachment with malware (malicious software) or downloading malware on to your computer when you open a link on a webpage.
They want to use personal and financial details on your computer to steal money, buy things on your credit card or open up bank accounts in your name.

Anyone who uses the internet needs to be aware of basic computer security:

1. Don't click the link 

If you don't know who sent the email, or if it's not a trusted website, then don't click the link.

Beware: there is always an increase in email phishing scams around Christmas, whereby scammers have a fake retail store website and capture your credit card details when you buy online.


2. Install Antivirus software 

Always have up-to-date antivirus protection and get regular updates, Don't press 'do it later' and update six weeks later.

3. Use strong passwords 

Most of the population is still using '1234567' or their first name and last name,

The problem is that there are about 20 different things that require passwords. The strategy now is to write them down it is a complete U-turn and put them in your wallet [which is usually in a safe place]. If you lose your wallet, you stop your credit cards and can also reset all your online passwords.

* Never click 'remember my password'.

* Use capitals, lower case, numbers and symbols in passwords. Don't use words in the dictionary.

* Change passwords regularly.

* Password software is good at generating strong passwords but the human brain is the best tool of all.


4. Keep software up to date 

This will ensure your software has the latest security upgrades. Attackers are always thinking up new ways to penetrate security. Don't ignore update notifications.

5. Reconfigure wireless routers 

Buy a router with secure wireless encryption, otherwise your information is unprotected and can be stolen: for example, when banking or shopping online.

When you get a new modem from a network provider, it may not be secured to encrypt traffic. People should go to the administration panel and configure their wireless network to WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WPA2 encryption.

Reconfiguring routers is easy and something people don't do properly.

Change the name of the router to something obscure, otherwise it gives attackers information on how best to attack that router. Also, change the default login to a unique password.


6. Encrypt email 

Learn to use email encryption for sensitive documents.

Don't send emails such as a child's health resume using Gmail or Hotmail. "There was [the recent case] where a Gmail employee started going through people's email accounts."


7. Use a secure web browser 

Firefox or Opera are secure web browsers

"Internet Explorer is highly targeted by attackers because it is on so many machines. IE generally takes longer to patch or fix vulnerabilities."

Eliminating internet and computer use from your life is impossible, so be sure to practice safe computing habits to protect yourself from cyber attacks.

Do you have questions, comments, or suggestions? Feel free to post a comment!

Wednesday, 2 May 2012

MAKE MONEY ONLINE





There are many proven ways to make money Online. But we have take a right approach and decide which option suits us the best.There are loads of websites with talks about How To Make Money online. But as per my experience they all work only if we put some extra...not extra , we have to puts lots of efforts on doing so.

Tips to Make Money Online will work only when we are really dedicated and have a strong desire to make money. Leave all the false promises behind and just concentrate on the tips given in this site. I am sure , after reading my tips you will definitely start making money on-line or at least I can assure you that you will start to have positive thinking about making money on-line. Learn How I can Get Money.

Please never visit those sites which give false promises of making fast money and easy money. Those are really false statements. No one will be become millionaire just following some tips or tricks. Reality has to be understood clearly. Lots of ground work has to be done, planning has to done and finally its has to implemented then only we can start making money .

All the tips mentioned below are simple tips and can be done with out disturbing the regular jobs or regular work. For many of us we have jobs in hand.Some of us seriously thing of making some extra money.Atleast I always use to think , I could have some extra source of income apart from my regular job.I always suggest people to do things , which they are already familiar with or which they are comfortable.Some are good at writing articles , some are really good at writing software programs, some are good at business. So Please follow the tips according to your convenience and work on it seriously. I am sure you will earn more and more.

Currently I am discussing Tips to make money online.So lets get started.Internet is the power: For any online money making we need internet. Internet is our money making machine.So pre-requisite for any money making tip is to have internet.
1.Make money online with website or a Blog :

Very very useful and fast money making technique is creating a website or start a Blog.Its gives the opportunity to market & Publish it yourself.There are many free website builders or blogger and you can create your blog or website in no time.How ever refer this link How to create a website or blog for easy steps to create a website.We can sell photos, videos, articles using personal sites.Also by means of personal websites you can Promote and sell your own products or promote other products and receive a commission on each sale which you do. Learn More about Making Money Online with your Website.

2.Placing advertisements in your website/Blogs:
These days search engines like Google, Yahoo, MSN offers pay per click programs. and also affiliate  advertisers like CJ, Amazon, share-a-sale, Click bank, Clickbooth who offers great opportunity to making
money online.Register to these programs especially google adsense Program and you are done. Just you need to put the ads scripts in your websites/blogs. As soon as someone click those ads, you will get paid for that.Know More about Google Adsense Program.

3. Make Money using youtube:

People who are owning a adsense account can log in and get the code for ‘video units’. You can create a YouTube Video Player and customize it according to various categories, key words, and content providers.Just make good videos , it can any subject , and just upload in youtube. Place advertisements accordingly.
etup your youtube account today, it is free and the sooner you do it the better. Start making videos with yourself or anything and put them on Youtube. Make sure not swear or do anything illegal, Once you have enought video views and subscribers, then you will be able to apply for a partnership at the bottom of the home page on youtube. Then you will be making money from youtube, you will need to register with google adsense, they will pay you. Cheques straight from Google, it is great.

4.Write Articles and get paid :

Very simple and easy way to get paid is write article on what all you know.When ever you have free time start writing articles and you will be paid when people read those articles.Earn money by writing. You do not have to be a professional writer to participate,just need to concentrate on grammar and spelling.

There are several ways in which articles can pay off for you online. The following are a few of the proven ways in which you can get paid for writing articles on-line:

1. Start a Ghostwriting Service - Webmasters must constantly add content to their websites in order to rank high in the search engines. This means that many of them are willing to pay you to write for them.

2. Use Articles to Promote a Website - This technique involves creating a website and promoting it via article marketing. The site should be monetized with Google AdSense or something similar. Then just create articles and submit them to article directories like EzineArticles with a link to your site in the signature block. These articles will bring traffic to your site, in turn, generating revenue through the AdSense ads.

3. Submitting Articles to Sites such as AssociatedContent.com - These sites will pay you for your articles. It is very simple to do this. Just create an account and submit your articles. After a few days they will email you an offer of how much they are willing to pay you for the article.

5.Freelance & Work from Home:

These days there are plenty of part-times jobs.We need to register and start work from home.
Just few steps for registration and done.We have to fill simple Online Registration Forms according to the
instructions.Get the work and start working from home.This type of money making is useful for house
wives.Basically it will more like data entry jobs.Just be careful to register to genuine work from home programs. Learn More about how to Make Money Online On Internet.

6.Get paid for clicking the advertisements:

You receive some x% of what advertisers pay per click.Nice job, click on the ads and earn money.
Well, with PPC there really isn't any "easy and fast money". Although, over time, as you test and build out your campaign you will find high-converting keywords that are very profitable to your PPC campaign. At that point it may seem "easy", since you will essentially be making passive income and at that point you can hang out on the beach well the keywords, ad text and your site do all of the real work.

But, in order to get to that point you'll need to spend some money on keywords and traffic in order to find those highly profitable keywords. You'll also want to be sure that you have a landing page that makes it easy for users to sign up or buy your product.

7.Get paid for surveys or Surfing on the web:
Taking part in paid surveys is one way of earning money online.Actually, survey's are not scams. You can really make money taking online surveys. However, there's a lot of different things about survey's that you need to know and understand how they work and how to make the most of it. A lot of time is involved in survey's. They won't make you wealthy, but they can make ends meet.

8.Get paid to read email and for visiting websites:
There are many website which pays money for reading emails or reading their website content.
google around and find more information on the same. I haven't tried this much but I believe you can explore on this option to and see if you can make extra money by reading emails.

9.Earn money by trying out products and writing reviews:

There are many programs which can earn you some money if you try their products and services
and provide feedback on the same. This one also I haven't explore much but I heard you can make some money even with trying out various products and writing creative reviews.

10.Join Affiliate Marketing:
Basically what happens here is you need to promote the vendor products.You will get the share/commission Make money online with affiliate marketing is relatively quick and easy.when that particular product is sold.Its just like being an agent for their product.However its on-line.

All these tips work only when you are dedicated to make extra money after from your regular salary.
May be the tips which work for me , may not work for you. Its up to you to try out which suits to you the best and try working on it. Money Making on-line is very popular thing in web and most of the people take advantage of it and prepare scams around. So don't go for false promises , think practically. Nothing is easy. Let me know which tip worked for you better and please share your views.

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